HIF References
1. Source policy
HIF cites only traceable English-language originals. A translation, secondary article or unsourced checklist MAY be used to locate an original, but MUST NOT serve as the evidential basis for a normative requirement.
HIF distinguishes among:
- normative standards;
- peer-reviewed research;
- foundational monographs;
- platform conventions;
- practical heuristics.
A heuristic does not acquire normative status through popularity. The applicability of an empirical result is assessed against the task, participants, device and context.
Links lead to the responsible standards body, the original paper or publisher’s book record, official platform documentation, a DOI or the author’s page.
2. Human-centred design and usability
- ISO 9241-11:2018. Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 11:
Usability: Definitions and concepts.
https://www.iso.org/standard/63500.html - ISO 9241-110:2020. Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 110:
Interaction principles.
https://www.iso.org/standard/75258.html - ISO 9241-210:2019. Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 210:
Human-centred design for interactive systems.
https://www.iso.org/standard/77520.html
3. Accessibility
- W3C. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2.
https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/ - W3C. Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.2.
https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/ - W3C. ARIA Authoring Practices Guide.
https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/ - W3C. CSS Color Adjustment Module Level 1.
https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-adjust-1/ - W3C. Media Queries Level 5 — User Preference Media Features.
https://www.w3.org/TR/mediaqueries-5/ - W3C. Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM)
1.0.
https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/ - W3C. Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) 2.0.
https://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/ - W3C WAI. Cognitive Accessibility.
https://www.w3.org/WAI/cognitive/ - W3C WAI. Making Audio and Video Media Accessible.
https://www.w3.org/WAI/media/av/ - ISO. ISO/IEC 40500:2025 — WCAG 2.2.
https://www.iso.org/standard/91029.html - ISO. ISO 9241-171:2025 — Software accessibility.
https://www.iso.org/standard/86308.html - ISO. ISO/IEC 30071-1:2019 — Code of practice for creating accessible ICT
products and services.
https://www.iso.org/standard/70913.html - ETSI. EN 301 549 V3.2.1 — Accessibility requirements for ICT products and
services.
https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301500_301599/301549/03.02.01_60/en_301549v030201p.pdf - GOV.UK. Accessibility requirements for public-sector websites and apps.
https://www.gov.uk/guidance/accessibility-requirements-for-public-sector-websites-and-apps - European Union. Directive (EU) 2019/882 — European Accessibility Act.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/882/oj - US Access Board. Revised Section 508 Standards.
https://www.access-board.gov/ict/
4. Human performance
- Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in
controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology,
47(6), 381–391.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055392 - Hick, W. E. (1952). On the rate of gain of information. Quarterly Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 4(1), 11–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17470215208416600 - Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (1980). The keystroke-level model
for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the
ACM, 23(7), 396–410.
https://doi.org/10.1145/358886.358895 - Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (1983). The Psychology of
Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
https://www.routledge.com/The-Psychology-of-Human-Computer-Interaction/Card-Moran-Newell/p/book/9780898598599
5. Direct manipulation and interaction
- Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming
Languages. Computer, 16(8), 57–69.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.1983.1654471 - Norman, D. A. (2013). The Design of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded.
Basic Books.
https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262525671/the-design-of-everyday-things/ - Hutchins, E., Hollan, J., & Norman, D. (1985). Direct Manipulation
Interfaces. Human–Computer Interaction, 1(4), 311–338.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci0104_2
6. Situated and distributed cognition
- Suchman, L. A. (1987). Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of
Human-Machine Communication. Cambridge University Press.
https://assets.cambridge.org/97805213/37397/frontmatter/9780521337397_frontmatter.pdf - Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the Wild. MIT Press.
https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262581462/cognition-in-the-wild/ - Hutchins, E. (1995). How a Cockpit Remembers Its Speeds. Cognitive
Science, 19(3), 265–288.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1903_1 - Hollan, J., Hutchins, E., & Kirsh, D. (2000). Distributed Cognition:
Toward a New Foundation for Human-Computer Interaction Research. ACM
Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 7(2), 174–196.
https://doi.org/10.1145/353485.353487
7. Activity theory
- Kaptelinin, V., Kuutti, K., & Bannon, L. (1995). Activity Theory: Basic
Concepts and Applications. In Human–Computer Interaction, LNCS 1015.
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60614-9_14 - Kaptelinin, V., & Nardi, B. A. (2012). Activity Theory in HCI:
Fundamentals and Reflections. Morgan & Claypool.
https://doi.org/10.2200/S00413ED1V01Y201203HCI013
8. Distributed systems, automation and human control
- Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T. B., & Wickens, C. D. (2000). A Model for
Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation. IEEE Transactions
on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 30(3), 286–297.
https://doi.org/10.1109/3468.844354 - Bainbridge, L. (1983). Ironies of Automation. Automatica, 19(6), 775–779.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(83)90046-8
9. Ethics and deceptive design
- Federal Trade Commission (2022). Bringing Dark Patterns to Light.
https://www.ftc.gov/reports/bringing-dark-patterns-light - Gray, C. M., Kou, Y., Battles, B., Hoggatt, J., & Toombs, A. L. (2018).
The Dark (Patterns) Side of UX Design. CHI 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174108
10. Practical heuristics
These sources are used as design-review aids, not as independent academic theory:
- Nielsen, J. 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design.
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/ - Shneiderman, B. et al. Designing the User Interface.
https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catalog/p/designing-the-user-interface-strategies-for-effective-human-computer-interaction/P200000003485/9780137503889 - Tognazzini, B. First Principles of Interaction Design.
https://asktog.com/atc/principles-of-interaction-design/
11. Platform conventions
A Product Profile MAY use the current human interface guidelines for its target platform:
- GNOME Human Interface Guidelines;
- KDE Human Interface Guidelines;
- Microsoft Windows App Design;
- Apple Human Interface Guidelines;
- Material Design;
- W3C web platform specifications.
Platform guidance is subordinate to the HIF Constitution and does not supersede requirements for accessibility, safety or integrity.
12. Maintenance
Before each major or minor HIF release, the following are checked:
- the status of ISO 9241;
- the current W3C Recommendation for WCAG;
- WAI-ARIA and APG;
- platform accessibility APIs;
- new research on automation and AI interaction;
- legal requirements in target markets.
A draft standard does not replace a current Recommendation without an explicit decision.